Due to pressure difference across the pump there is always thrust on the rotor toward suction side of pump due to fluid. Therefore, there balancing system is required.
Balancing drum
Balancing drum is cylindrical portion installed on the rotor of the pump generally at the discharge end side. Small gap in mm is maintained axially between casing or dummy piston which is stationary part attached with pump casing.
One side of balancing drum, pressure=discharge pressure while another side of balancing drum, the pressure =suction pressure (slightly greater than suction pr. which is maintained by a balancing line connected to suction line of pump. Therefore, due to pressure difference across balancing drum there is thrust which will opposite to the thrust created by fluid.
Balancing Disks
The operation of the simple balancing disk is illustrated in Figure above. The disk is fixed to and rotates with the shaft. It is separated by a small axial clearance from the balancing disk head, or balancing sleeve, which is fixed to the casing. The leakage through this clearance flows into the balancing chamber and from there either to the pump suction or to the vessel from which the pump takes its suction. The back of the balancing disk is subject to the balancing chamber back pressure, whereas the disk face experiences a range of pressures. These vary from discharge pressure at its smallest diameter to back pressure at its periphery. The inner and outer disk diameters are chosen so that the difference between the total force acting on the disk face and that acting on its back will balance the impeller axial thrust.
If the axial thrust of the impellers should exceed the thrust acting on the disk during operation, the latter is moved toward the disk head, reducing the axial clearance between the disk and the disk head. The amount of leakage through the clearance is reduced so that the friction losses in the leakage return line are also reduced, lowering the back pressure in the balancing chamber. This lowering of pressure automatically increases the pressure difference acting on the disk and moves it away from the disk head, increasing the clearance. Now the pressure builds up in the balancing chamber, and the disk is again moved toward the disk head until an equilibrium is reached.
To assure proper balancing in disk operation, the change in back pressure in the balancing chamber must be of an appreciable magnitude. Thus, with the balancing disk wide open with respect to the disk head, the back pressure must be substantially higher than the suction pressure to give a resultant force that restores the normal disk position. This can be accomplished by introducing a restricting orifice in the leakage return line that increases back pressure when leakage past the disk increases beyond normal. The disadvantage of this arrangement is that the pressure on the seal chamber is variable, a condition that may be injurious to the life of the seal and therefore should avoided.
